Add NFC enable/disable support; update devices, Sonoff, and Tuya

app/__init__.py

@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ def create_app(config_name: str = "default") -> Flask:
         _add_entities_column(app)
         _add_config_json_column(app)
         _migrate_board_types(app)
+        _add_device_hardware_id_column(app)
+        _add_device_app_id_column(app)
 
     return app
 
@@ -144,3 +146,62 @@ def _seed_admin(app: Flask) -> None:
         db.session.add(admin)
         db.session.commit()
         app.logger.info("Default admin user created  (username=admin  password=admin)")
+
+
+def _add_device_app_id_column(app: Flask) -> None:
+    """Add app_id column to devices table and backfill existing rows."""
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+    with app.app_context():
+        try:
+            db.session.execute(text("ALTER TABLE devices ADD COLUMN app_id TEXT"))
+            db.session.commit()
+            app.logger.info("Added app_id column to devices table")
+        except Exception:
+            db.session.rollback()  # Column already exists — safe to ignore
+
+        # Backfill any rows that have no app_id yet
+        from app.models.device import Device
+        unset = Device.query.filter(Device.app_id.is_(None)).all()
+        for d in unset:
+            d.app_id = Device.generate_app_id(d.name, exclude_id=d.id)
+        if unset:
+            db.session.commit()
+            app.logger.info("Backfilled app_id for %d device(s)", len(unset))
+
+
+def _add_device_hardware_id_column(app: Flask) -> None:
+    """Add hardware_device_id column and backfill from existing entity_num bindings."""
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+    with app.app_context():
+        try:
+            db.session.execute(text("ALTER TABLE devices ADD COLUMN hardware_device_id TEXT"))
+            db.session.commit()
+            app.logger.info("Added hardware_device_id column to devices table")
+        except Exception:
+            db.session.rollback()  # Column already exists — safe to ignore
+
+        # Backfill: resolve entity_num → actual hardware device_id string
+        from app.models.device import Device
+        from app.models.sonoff_device import SonoffDevice
+        from app.models.tuya_device import TuyaDevice
+        unset = Device.query.filter(
+            Device.hardware_device_id.is_(None),
+            Device.entity_num.isnot(None),
+            Device.entity_type.in_(["sonoff", "tuya"]),
+        ).all()
+        for d in unset:
+            hw_id = None
+            sd_or_td_id = d.entity_num // 100
+            if d.entity_type == "sonoff":
+                obj = db.session.get(SonoffDevice, sd_or_td_id)
+                if obj:
+                    hw_id = obj.device_id
+            elif d.entity_type == "tuya":
+                obj = db.session.get(TuyaDevice, sd_or_td_id)
+                if obj:
+                    hw_id = obj.device_id
+            if hw_id:
+                d.hardware_device_id = hw_id
+        if unset:
+            db.session.commit()
+            app.logger.info("Backfilled hardware_device_id for %d device(s)", len(unset))

app/drivers/olimex_esp32_c6_evb_pn532/driver.py

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ GET  /nfc/status                                    → {"initialized": bool, "c
                                                        "pulse_ms": int}
 GET  /nfc/config                                    → {"auth_uid": str, "relay_num": int, "pulse_ms": int}
 POST /nfc/config?auth_uid=&relay=&pulse_ms=         → {"status": "ok", ...}
+POST /nfc/enable?state=0|1                          → {"status": "ok", "nfc_enabled": bool}
 
 Webhook (board → server)
 ------------------------
@@ -213,3 +214,26 @@ class OlimexESP32C6EVBPn532Driver(BoardDriver):
         else:
             logger.warning("NFC config push failed for board '%s'", board.name)
         return result is not None
+
+    def set_nfc_enabled(self, board: "Board", enabled: bool) -> bool:
+        """Enable or disable the NFC/Mifare access-control module on the board.
+
+        When disabled the board stops polling the PN532, resets any active
+        relay opened by a card, and persists the setting to NVS so it
+        survives power cycles.
+
+        enabled: True = module on, False = module off.
+        """
+        state = 1 if enabled else 0
+        url = f"{board.base_url}/nfc/enable?state={state}"
+        result = _post(url, _auth(board, "POST", url))
+        if result is not None:
+            logger.info(
+                "NFC module on board '%s' set to: %s",
+                board.name, "ENABLED" if enabled else "DISABLED",
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Failed to set NFC module state on board '%s'", board.name
+            )
+        return result is not None

app/drivers/olimex_esp32_c6_evb_pn532/manifest.json

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     "register":     "POST /register?callback_url={url}",
     "nfc_status":   "GET  /nfc/status",
     "nfc_config":   "GET  /nfc/config",
-    "nfc_config_set": "POST /nfc/config?auth_uid={uid}&relay={n}&pulse_ms={ms}"
+    "nfc_config_set": "POST /nfc/config?auth_uid={uid}&relay={n}&pulse_ms={ms}",
+    "nfc_enable":   "POST /nfc/enable?state={0|1}"
   }
 }

app/drivers/sonoff_ewelink/driver.py

@@ -209,13 +209,20 @@ class SonoffEweLinkDriver(BoardDriver):
 
         switch_val = "on" if state else "off"
 
-        # Build params dict
+        # Build params dict — detect format from stored params rather than
-        if dev.num_channels == 1:
+        # relying only on num_channels, because some devices (e.g. UIID 138)
-            params = {"switch": switch_val}
+        # report num_channels=1 but actually use the "switches" array format.
-            command = "switch"
+        stored_params = dev.params
-        else:
+        uses_switches_fmt = (
+            dev.num_channels > 1
+            or "switches" in stored_params
+        )
+        if uses_switches_fmt:
             params = {"switches": [{"outlet": channel, "switch": switch_val}]}
             command = "switches"
+        else:
+            params = {"switch": switch_val}
+            command = "switch"
 
         # ── Try LAN first ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
         if dev.ip_address:
@@ -259,9 +266,8 @@ class SonoffEweLinkDriver(BoardDriver):
         """Update the SonoffDevice params in-memory after a successful command."""
         p = dev.params
         switch_val = "on" if state else "off"
-        if dev.num_channels == 1:
+        uses_switches_fmt = dev.num_channels > 1 or "switches" in p
-            p["switch"] = switch_val
+        if uses_switches_fmt:
-        else:
             switches = p.get("switches", [])
             updated = False
             for s in switches:
@@ -272,6 +278,8 @@ class SonoffEweLinkDriver(BoardDriver):
             if not updated:
                 switches.append({"outlet": channel, "switch": switch_val})
             p["switches"] = switches
+        else:
+            p["switch"] = switch_val
         dev.params = p
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -284,11 +292,12 @@ class SonoffEweLinkDriver(BoardDriver):
         """
         import requests as req
         from .ewelink_api import API, APPID
-        import time
 
         headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {at}", "X-CK-Appid": APPID}
+        # v2 /device/thing/status requires "type" (1 = device) and "id", not "deviceid"
         payload = {
-            "deviceid": device_id,
+            "type": 1,
+            "id": device_id,
             "params": params,
         }
         url = f"{API[region]}/v2/device/thing/status"

app/models/device.py

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 """User-defined device abstraction.
 
-A Device is a human-friendly alias for a board relay (controllable output) or
+A Device is a virtual application entity — a named, typed unit (light, switch,
-a board digital input (sensor/trigger) that the user wants to expose as a named
+pump, sensor…) that *optionally* maps to a physical board channel.
-entity — e.g. "Outdoor Light 1 (Courtyard)" mapped to Board "Garage" / Relay 4.
 
-Devices provide an intermediate, named layer so they can later be placed on
+The two-step model:
-Layout pages as interactive widgets without the UI needing raw board/relay IDs.
+  1. Create the device with name/description/type  → it gets a stable app_id
+  2. Optionally bind it to a board relay or input  → enables live control/state
+
+app_id is a URL-safe slug (e.g. "outdoor_light_courtyard") that the rest of the
+application — layouts, automations, API — uses as a stable programmatic handle.
+When a device is bound, toggling it controls the physical hardware.
 """
+import re
 from datetime import datetime
 from app import db
 
@@ -16,6 +21,12 @@ class Device(db.Model):
 
     id           = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
     name         = db.Column(db.String(128), nullable=False)
+
+    # Stable application identifier — URL-safe slug, auto-generated from name.
+    # Used by layouts, the JSON API, and automations to reference a device
+    # without coupling code to numeric DB IDs.
+    app_id       = db.Column(db.String(64), unique=True, nullable=True, index=True)
+
     description  = db.Column(db.String(256), nullable=True)
     area         = db.Column(db.String(64),  nullable=True)   # e.g. "Courtyard", "Living Room"
 
@@ -25,23 +36,53 @@ class Device(db.Model):
     # Bootstrap-Icons class override; None → use type default
     icon         = db.Column(db.String(64),  nullable=True)
 
-    # ── Source entity on a board ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+    # ── Optional source entity on a board ────────────────────────────────────
+    # Leave all three NULL for a virtual/unbound device.
     board_id     = db.Column(
         db.Integer, db.ForeignKey("boards.id", ondelete="SET NULL"), nullable=True
     )
-    entity_type  = db.Column(db.String(16), nullable=True)   # "relay" | "input"
+    entity_type  = db.Column(db.String(16), nullable=True)   # "relay" | "input" | "tuya" | "sonoff"
-    entity_num   = db.Column(db.Integer,    nullable=True)    # 1-based relay/input index
+    entity_num   = db.Column(db.Integer,    nullable=True)    # encoded: sd_id*100+ch for gateways, else 1-based
+
+    # Direct reference to the hardware device identifier:
+    # For Sonoff: SonoffDevice.device_id (e.g. "10024c298a")
+    # For Tuya:   TuyaDevice.device_id
+    # For relay/input: None (board relay/input index is sufficient)
+    hardware_device_id = db.Column(db.String(64), nullable=True, index=True)
 
     created_at   = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.utcnow)
 
+    # ── app_id helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _make_slug(name: str) -> str:
+        """Return a lowercase alphanumeric slug from *name* (max 60 chars)."""
+        slug = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "_", name.lower().strip())
+        return slug.strip("_")[:60] or "device"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate_app_id(cls, name: str, exclude_id: int | None = None) -> str:
+        """Return a unique app_id for *name*, appending _2, _3… on conflicts."""
+        base = cls._make_slug(name)
+        slug = base
+        n = 2
+        while True:
+            q = cls.query.filter_by(app_id=slug)
+            if exclude_id is not None:
+                q = q.filter(cls.id != exclude_id)
+            if q.first() is None:
+                return slug
+            slug = f"{base}_{n}"
+            n += 1
+
     # ── relationships ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     board = db.relationship("Board", back_populates="devices")
 
     # ── helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     @property
     def is_controllable(self) -> bool:
-        """True when the source entity is a relay (can be toggled ON/OFF)."""
+        """True when the source entity is a relay or Tuya/Sonoff switch (can be toggled ON/OFF)."""
-        return self.entity_type == "relay"
+        return self.entity_type in ("relay", "tuya", "sonoff")
 
     @property
     def effective_icon(self) -> str:
@@ -49,7 +90,7 @@ class Device(db.Model):
         from app.models.entity_types import RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES, INPUT_ENTITY_TYPES
         if self.icon:
             return self.icon
-        if self.entity_type == "relay":
+        if self.entity_type in ("relay", "tuya", "sonoff"):
             return RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES.get(
                 self.device_class, RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES["switch"]
             )["icon"]
@@ -69,6 +110,25 @@ class Device(db.Model):
         if self.entity_type == "input":
             raw = self.board.input_states.get(f"input_{self.entity_num}", True)
             return not raw   # NC contact: raw True = resting → False = idle
+        if self.entity_type == "tuya":
+            from app.models.tuya_device import TuyaDevice
+            td_id   = self.entity_num // 100
+            ch_idx  = (self.entity_num % 100) - 1
+            td      = TuyaDevice.query.get(td_id)
+            if td is None:
+                return None
+            dps = td.switch_dps
+            if ch_idx >= len(dps):
+                return None
+            return bool(td.status.get(dps[ch_idx], False))
+        if self.entity_type == "sonoff":
+            from app.models.sonoff_device import SonoffDevice
+            sd_id   = self.entity_num // 100
+            channel = self.entity_num % 100
+            sd      = SonoffDevice.query.get(sd_id)
+            if sd is None:
+                return None
+            return sd.get_channel_state(channel)
         return None
 
     @property
@@ -78,7 +138,7 @@ class Device(db.Model):
         state = self.current_state
         if state is None:
             return "Unknown"
-        if self.entity_type == "relay":
+        if self.entity_type in ("relay", "tuya", "sonoff"):
             tdef = RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES.get(self.device_class, RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES["switch"])
             return tdef["on"][1] if state else tdef["off"][1]
         if self.entity_type == "input":
@@ -93,7 +153,7 @@ class Device(db.Model):
         state = self.current_state
         if state is None:
             return "secondary"
-        if self.entity_type == "relay":
+        if self.entity_type in ("relay", "tuya", "sonoff"):
             tdef = RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES.get(self.device_class, RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES["switch"])
             return tdef["on"][0] if state else tdef["off"][0]
         if self.entity_type == "input":
@@ -101,5 +161,30 @@ class Device(db.Model):
             return tdef["active"][0] if state else tdef["idle"][0]
         return "secondary"
 
+    @property
+    def channel_label(self) -> str:
+        """Human-readable board channel label for UI badges."""
+        if self.entity_type == "sonoff" and self.entity_num is not None:
+            from app.models.sonoff_device import SonoffDevice
+            sd_id  = self.entity_num // 100
+            ch_num = self.entity_num % 100
+            sd     = SonoffDevice.query.get(sd_id)
+            if sd:
+                return sd.name if sd.num_channels <= 1 else f"{sd.name} · Ch {ch_num + 1}"
+            return f"Sonoff #{self.entity_num}"
+        if self.entity_type == "tuya" and self.entity_num:
+            from app.models.tuya_device import TuyaDevice
+            td_id  = self.entity_num // 100
+            ch_num = self.entity_num % 100
+            td     = TuyaDevice.query.get(td_id)
+            if td:
+                return td.name if td.num_channels <= 1 else f"{td.name} · Ch {ch_num}"
+            return f"Tuya #{self.entity_num}"
+        if self.entity_type == "relay":
+            return f"Relay {self.entity_num}"
+        if self.entity_type == "input":
+            return f"Input {self.entity_num}"
+        return ""
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<Device {self.name!r} id={self.id}>"

app/models/sonoff_device.py

@@ -109,17 +109,18 @@ class SonoffDevice(db.Model):
 
     def get_channel_state(self, channel: int = 0) -> bool:
         """Return True if channel is ON.
-        For single-channel devices uses 'switch' param.
+        Detects format from stored params: if 'switches' key is present (or
-        For multi-channel uses 'switches' array with outlet index.
+        num_channels > 1) uses the switches-array format; otherwise uses 'switch'.
         """
         p = self.params
-        if self.num_channels == 1:
+        uses_switches_fmt = self.num_channels > 1 or "switches" in p
-            return p.get("switch") == "on"
+        if uses_switches_fmt:
             switches = p.get("switches", [])
             for s in switches:
                 if s.get("outlet") == channel:
                     return s.get("switch") == "on"
             return False
+        return p.get("switch") == "on"
 
     def all_channel_states(self) -> list[dict]:
         """Return [{channel, label, state}, ...] for every channel."""

app/routes/boards.py

@@ -380,3 +380,27 @@ def nfc_enroll(board_id: int):
     else:
         flash("Card read OK but failed to push config to board.", "danger")
     return redirect(url_for("boards.nfc_management", board_id=board_id))
+
+
+@boards_bp.route("/<int:board_id>/nfc/enable", methods=["POST"])
+@login_required
+def nfc_enable(board_id: int):
+    """Enable or disable the NFC/Mifare access-control module on the board."""
+    if not current_user.is_admin():
+        abort(403)
+    board = db.get_or_404(Board, board_id)
+    if board.board_type != _NFC_DRIVER_ID:
+        abort(404)
+    driver = registry.get(_NFC_DRIVER_ID)
+    if not driver:
+        flash("NFC driver not available.", "danger")
+        return redirect(url_for("boards.nfc_management", board_id=board_id))
+
+    enabled = request.form.get("enabled", "0") == "1"
+    ok = driver.set_nfc_enabled(board, enabled)
+    if ok:
+        state_label = "enabled" if enabled else "disabled"
+        flash(f"NFC access control module {state_label}.", "success")
+    else:
+        flash("Failed to change NFC module state — board unreachable.", "danger")
+    return redirect(url_for("boards.nfc_management", board_id=board_id))

app/routes/devices.py

@@ -7,14 +7,15 @@ import json
 from flask import (Blueprint, render_template, redirect, url_for,
                    flash, request, abort, jsonify)
 from flask_login import login_required, current_user
-from flask import current_app
 
 from app import db
 from app.models.board import Board
 from app.models.device import Device
+from app.models.tuya_device import TuyaDevice
+from app.models.sonoff_device import SonoffDevice
 from app.models.entity_types import (RELAY_ENTITY_TYPES, INPUT_ENTITY_TYPES,
                                      ICON_PALETTE)
-from app.services.board_service import set_relay, poll_board
+from app.services.board_service import set_relay
 
 devices_bp = Blueprint("devices", __name__)
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ def add_device():
         board_id    = request.form.get("board_id") or None
         entity_type = request.form.get("entity_type") or None
         entity_num  = request.form.get("entity_num") or None
+        hardware_device_id = request.form.get("hardware_device_id") or None
 
         device = Device(
             name        = name,
@@ -71,11 +73,13 @@ def add_device():
             board_id    = int(board_id) if board_id else None,
             entity_type = entity_type,
             entity_num  = int(entity_num) if entity_num else None,
+            hardware_device_id = hardware_device_id,
         )
+        device.app_id = Device.generate_app_id(name)
         db.session.add(device)
         db.session.commit()
-        flash(f"Device '{name}' created successfully.", "success")
+        flash(f"Device '{name}' created. You can now optionally bind it to hardware below.", "success")
-        return redirect(url_for("devices.list_devices"))
+        return redirect(url_for("devices.edit_device", device_id=device.id))
 
     return render_template(
         "devices/edit.html",
@@ -111,6 +115,7 @@ def edit_device(device_id: int):
         board_id    = request.form.get("board_id") or None
         entity_type = request.form.get("entity_type") or None
         entity_num  = request.form.get("entity_num") or None
+        hardware_device_id = request.form.get("hardware_device_id") or None
 
         device.name         = name
         device.description  = request.form.get("description", "").strip() or None
@@ -120,6 +125,19 @@ def edit_device(device_id: int):
         device.board_id     = int(board_id) if board_id else None
         device.entity_type  = entity_type
         device.entity_num   = int(entity_num) if entity_num else None
+        device.hardware_device_id = hardware_device_id
+
+        # Regenerate app_id if name changed and app_id was based on the old name
+        custom_app_id = request.form.get("app_id", "").strip()
+        if custom_app_id:
+            # Accept a manually set app_id only if unique
+            existing = Device.query.filter(
+                Device.app_id == custom_app_id, Device.id != device.id
+            ).first()
+            if not existing:
+                device.app_id = custom_app_id
+        elif device.app_id is None:
+            device.app_id = Device.generate_app_id(name, exclude_id=device.id)
 
         db.session.commit()
         flash(f"Device '{name}' updated.", "success")
@@ -160,15 +178,75 @@ def toggle_device(device_id: int):
     if not device.board:
         return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "No board linked."}), 400
 
-    # Determine new state (toggle)
+    # ── Sonoff eWeLink toggle ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    current = device.board.relay_states.get(f"relay_{device.entity_num}", False)
+    if device.entity_type == "sonoff":
+        from app.drivers.registry import registry
+        drv = registry.get("sonoff_ewelink")
+        if not drv:
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Sonoff driver not available."}), 500
+        sd_id   = device.entity_num // 100
+        channel = device.entity_num % 100
+        sd      = db.session.get(SonoffDevice, sd_id)
+        if not sd:
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Sonoff device not found."}), 404
+        if not sd.is_online:
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Device is offline."})
+        current_state = sd.get_channel_state(channel)
+        ok = drv.set_device_channel(device.board, sd.device_id, channel, not current_state)
+        updated = db.session.get(Device, device_id)
+        error_msg = None if ok else "Cloud control failed. Device may be offline."
+        return jsonify({
+            "ok":          ok,
+            "state":       updated.current_state,
+            "state_label": updated.state_label,
+            "state_color": updated.state_color,
+            "error":       error_msg,
+        })
+
+    # ── Tuya Cloud toggle ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    if device.entity_type == "tuya":
+        from app.drivers.registry import registry
+        drv = registry.get("tuya_cloud")
+        if not drv:
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Tuya driver not available."}), 500
+        td_id      = device.entity_num // 100
+        channel    = (device.entity_num % 100) - 1   # 0-based index
+        td         = db.session.get(TuyaDevice, td_id)
+        if not td:
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Tuya device not found."}), 404
+        dps = td.switch_dps
+        if channel >= len(dps):
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": "Invalid channel index."}), 400
+        dp_code = dps[channel]
+        ok = drv.toggle_dp(device.board, td.device_id, dp_code)
+        updated = db.session.get(Device, device_id)
+        return jsonify({
+            "ok":          ok,
+            "state":       updated.current_state,
+            "state_label": updated.state_label,
+            "state_color": updated.state_color,
+        })
+
+    # ── Generic relay toggle ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    # Optimistically write the new state to DB first (same pattern as boards.py
+    # toggle_relay_view) so the device card reflects the change immediately.
+    # poll_board() skips relay state updates for online boards by design, so
+    # without this the card would always show the stale pre-toggle state.
+    board = device.board
+    states = board.relay_states
+    current = states.get(f"relay_{device.entity_num}", False)
     new_state = not current
+    states[f"relay_{device.entity_num}"] = new_state
+    board.relay_states = states
+    db.session.commit()
 
-    app = current_app._get_current_object()
+    ok = set_relay(board, device.entity_num, new_state)
-    ok = set_relay(device.board, device.entity_num, new_state)
+    if not ok:
+        # Hardware command failed — roll back the optimistic state
+        states[f"relay_{device.entity_num}"] = current
+        board.relay_states = states
+        db.session.commit()
 
-    # Re-read updated relay state
-    poll_board(app, device.board_id)
     updated_device = db.session.get(Device, device_id)
 
     return jsonify({
@@ -186,6 +264,76 @@ def toggle_device(device_id: int):
 def board_entities(board_id: int):
     """Return relay and input entity info for the given board as JSON."""
     board = db.get_or_404(Board, board_id)
+
+    # ── Tuya Cloud boards expose TuyaDevice rows, not relay/input channels ──
+    if board.board_type == "tuya_cloud":
+        from app.drivers.tuya_cloud.driver import KIND_ICON
+        tuya_devs = (
+            TuyaDevice.query.filter_by(board_id=board_id)
+            .order_by(TuyaDevice.name)
+            .all()
+        )
+        relays = []
+        for td in tuya_devs:
+            dps = td.switch_dps
+            for ch_idx, dp_code in enumerate(dps):
+                num   = td.id * 100 + (ch_idx + 1)
+                state = bool(td.status.get(dp_code, False))
+                name  = td.name if len(dps) == 1 else f"{td.name} – Ch {ch_idx + 1}"
+                relays.append({
+                    "num":         num,
+                    "name":        name,
+                    "type":        td.kind,
+                    "icon":        td.kind_icon_cls,
+                    "state":       state,
+                    "state_label": "ON" if state else "OFF",
+                    "on_color":    "success",
+                    "off_color":   "secondary",
+                    "entity_type": "tuya",
+                    "device_id":   td.device_id,
+                })
+        return jsonify({"relays": relays, "inputs": [], "board_type": "tuya_cloud"})
+
+    # ── Sonoff eWeLink boards expose SonoffDevice rows ─────────────────────────
+    if board.board_type == "sonoff_ewelink":
+        from app.models.sonoff_device import UIID_INFO
+        KIND_ICON_SONOFF = {
+            "switch": "bi-toggles",
+            "light":  "bi-lightbulb-fill",
+            "fan":    "bi-fan",
+            "sensor": "bi-thermometer-half",
+        }
+        sonoff_devs = (
+            SonoffDevice.query.filter_by(board_id=board_id)
+            .order_by(SonoffDevice.name)
+            .all()
+        )
+        relays = []
+        for sd in sonoff_devs:
+            uiid_meta = UIID_INFO.get(sd.uiid, {})
+            kind      = uiid_meta.get("kind", "switch")
+            if kind not in ("switch", "light", "fan"):
+                continue   # sensors / remotes are not controllable
+            icon = KIND_ICON_SONOFF.get(kind, "bi-toggles")
+            for ch in range(sd.num_channels):
+                num   = sd.id * 100 + ch
+                state = sd.get_channel_state(ch)
+                name  = sd.name if sd.num_channels == 1 else f"{sd.name} – Ch {ch + 1}"
+                relays.append({
+                    "num":         num,
+                    "name":        name,
+                    "type":        kind,
+                    "icon":        icon,
+                    "state":       state,
+                    "state_label": "ON" if state else "OFF",
+                    "on_color":    "success",
+                    "off_color":   "secondary",
+                    "entity_type": "sonoff",
+                    "device_id":   sd.device_id,
+                })
+        return jsonify({"relays": relays, "inputs": [], "board_type": "sonoff_ewelink"})
+
+    # ── Generic relay/input boards ──────────────────────────────────────────
     relays = []
     for n in range(1, board.num_relays + 1):
         e = board.get_relay_entity(n)

app/routes/tuya.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ URL structure:
   POST /tuya/<board_id>/device/<device_id>/dp/<dp>/toggle – toggle a DP
   POST /tuya/<board_id>/device/<device_id>/rename         – rename a device
 """
+import logging
 from flask import (
     Blueprint, abort, flash, jsonify, redirect,
     render_template, request, url_for,
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ from app.drivers.tuya_cloud.driver import (
     TUYA_CLIENT_ID, TUYA_SCHEMA, category_kind, KIND_ICON,
 )
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 tuya_bp = Blueprint("tuya", __name__, url_prefix="/tuya")
 
 
@@ -101,7 +104,10 @@ def generate_qr(board_id: int):
         response = lc.qr_code(TUYA_CLIENT_ID, TUYA_SCHEMA, user_code)
 
         if not response.get("success"):
-            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": response.get("msg", "QR generation failed")}), 400
+            err_msg = response.get("msg", "QR generation failed")
+            logger.error("Tuya qr_code() failed for board %s: %s | full response: %s",
+                         board_id, err_msg, response)
+            return jsonify({"ok": False, "error": err_msg}), 400
 
         qr_token = response["result"]["qrcode"]
         # The URI that Smart Life / Tuya Smart app decodes from the QR:

app/templates/boards/nfc.html

@@ -87,6 +87,14 @@
 
         <!-- Current relay & timeout -->
         <dl class="row mb-0 small">
+          <dt class="col-5 text-secondary">Module state</dt>
+          <dd class="col-7" id="module-state-dd">
+            {% if nfc.get('nfc_enabled') %}
+              <span class="badge text-bg-success"><i class="bi bi-toggle-on me-1"></i>Enabled</span>
+            {% else %}
+              <span class="badge text-bg-secondary"><i class="bi bi-toggle-off me-1"></i>Disabled</span>
+            {% endif %}
+          </dd>
           <dt class="col-5 text-secondary">Trigger relay</dt>
           <dd class="col-7 fw-semibold" id="relay-display">Relay {{ nfc.get('relay_num', 1) }}</dd>
           <dt class="col-5 text-secondary">Absence timeout</dt>
@@ -101,6 +109,34 @@
   <div class="col-lg-7 d-flex flex-column gap-4">
 
     {% if current_user.is_admin() %}
+    <!-- ── Module Enable / Disable ─────────────────────────────────────── -->
+    <div class="card border-0 rounded-4">
+      <div class="card-header bg-transparent fw-semibold pt-3">
+        <i class="bi bi-toggle-on me-1 text-primary"></i> Mifare / NFC Module
+      </div>
+      <div class="card-body d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between gap-3">
+        <div>
+          <div class="fw-semibold mb-1">Access control module</div>
+          <div class="text-secondary small">When disabled the board stops polling the PN532 and will not open any relay on card presentation. The setting persists across power cycles.</div>
+        </div>
+        <form method="POST" action="{{ url_for('boards.nfc_enable', board_id=board.id) }}" class="flex-shrink-0">
+          {% if nfc.get('nfc_enabled') %}
+            <input type="hidden" name="enabled" value="0">
+            <button type="submit" id="nfc-toggle-btn"
+                    class="btn btn-success d-flex align-items-center gap-2" style="min-width:140px">
+              <i class="bi bi-toggle-on fs-5"></i><span>Enabled</span>
+            </button>
+          {% else %}
+            <input type="hidden" name="enabled" value="1">
+            <button type="submit" id="nfc-toggle-btn"
+                    class="btn btn-secondary d-flex align-items-center gap-2" style="min-width:140px">
+              <i class="bi bi-toggle-off fs-5"></i><span>Disabled</span>
+            </button>
+          {% endif %}
+        </form>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
     <!-- ── Quick Enroll ──────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
     <div class="card border-0 rounded-4">
       <div class="card-header bg-transparent fw-semibold pt-3">
@@ -252,6 +288,13 @@ function loadStatus() {
       if (relayDisp) relayDisp.textContent = 'Relay ' + (d.relay_num || 1);
       const pulseDisp = document.getElementById('pulse-display');
       if (pulseDisp) pulseDisp.textContent = (d.pulse_ms || 3000) + ' ms';
+      // module enabled/disabled summary in left card
+      const modDd = document.getElementById('module-state-dd');
+      if (modDd) {
+        modDd.innerHTML = d.nfc_enabled
+          ? '<span class="badge text-bg-success"><i class="bi bi-toggle-on me-1"></i>Enabled</span>'
+          : '<span class="badge text-bg-secondary"><i class="bi bi-toggle-off me-1"></i>Disabled</span>';
+      }
     })
     .catch(() => {})
     .finally(() => {

app/templates/devices/_card.html

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 {% set state = device.current_state %}
 {% set controllable = device.is_controllable %}
+{% set is_bound = device.board is not none %}
 
 <div class="card border-0 rounded-4 h-100
-  {% if controllable %}
+  {% if controllable and is_bound %}
     {% if state %}border-start border-3 border-{{ device.state_color }}
     {% else %}border-start border-3 border-secondary{% endif %}
+  {% elif not is_bound %}border-start border-3 border-warning
   {% else %}border-start border-3 border-primary{% endif %}">
 
   <div class="card-body p-3">
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@
            style="width:56px;height:56px;background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
         <i class="bi {{ device.effective_icon }}"
            style="font-size:1.8rem;
-             {% if controllable and state %}color:var(--bs-{{ device.state_color }}){% endif %}"></i>
+             {% if controllable and is_bound and state %}color:var(--bs-{{ device.state_color }}){% endif %}"></i>
       </div>
       <div class="flex-grow-1 min-w-0">
         <div class="fw-semibold text-truncate">{{ device.name }}</div>
@@ -30,13 +32,23 @@
           <span class="badge text-bg-secondary" style="font-size:.65rem">
             {{ device.device_class | capitalize }}
           </span>
-          {% if device.board %}
+          {% if is_bound %}
           <span class="badge text-bg-secondary" style="font-size:.65rem">
             <i class="bi bi-motherboard me-1"></i>{{ device.board.name }}
-            / {{ device.entity_type | capitalize }} {{ device.entity_num }}
+            {% if device.channel_label %}· {{ device.channel_label }}{% endif %}
           </span>
           {% else %}
-          <span class="badge text-bg-warning" style="font-size:.65rem">No board</span>
+          <span class="badge text-bg-warning text-dark" style="font-size:.65rem">
+            <i class="bi bi-exclamation-circle me-1"></i>Unbound
+          </span>
+          {% endif %}
+          {% if device.app_id %}
+          <span class="badge text-bg-dark font-monospace copy-app-id"
+                data-appid="{{ device.app_id }}"
+                title="App ID: {{ device.app_id }} — click to copy"
+                style="font-size:.6rem;cursor:pointer">
+            <i class="bi bi-hash"></i>{{ device.app_id }}
+          </span>
           {% endif %}
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -45,10 +57,10 @@
     <!-- State + controls row -->
     <div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between mt-2">
       <span class="badge device-state-badge text-bg-{{ device.state_color }}">
-        {{ device.state_label }}
+        {% if not is_bound %}Virtual{% else %}{{ device.state_label }}{% endif %}
       </span>
       <div class="d-flex gap-1">
-        {% if controllable and device.board %}
+        {% if controllable and is_bound %}
         <button type="button"
                 class="btn btn-sm {% if state %}btn-{{ device.state_color }}{% else %}btn-outline-secondary{% endif %}"
                 onclick="deviceToggle(this, {{ device.id }})"
@@ -58,7 +70,7 @@
         {% endif %}
         {% if current_user.is_admin() %}
         <a href="{{ url_for('devices.edit_device', device_id=device.id) }}"
-           class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" title="Edit">
+           class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary" title="Edit / Bind">
           <i class="bi bi-pencil"></i>
         </a>
         <form method="POST"

app/templates/devices/edit.html

@@ -1,24 +1,31 @@
 {% extends "base.html" %}
-{% block title %}{% if device %}Edit Device – {{ device.name }}{% else %}Add Device{% endif %}{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}{% if device %}Edit Device – {{ device.name }}{% else %}New Device{% endif %}{% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}
 <nav aria-label="breadcrumb" class="mb-3">
   <ol class="breadcrumb">
     <li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="{{ url_for('devices.list_devices') }}">Devices</a></li>
     <li class="breadcrumb-item active">
-      {% if device %}Edit – {{ device.name }}{% else %}Add Device{% endif %}
+      {% if device %}Edit – {{ device.name }}{% else %}New Device{% endif %}
     </li>
   </ol>
 </nav>
 
-<h2 class="fw-bold mb-1">
+<div class="d-flex align-items-start gap-3 mb-4">
+  <div>
+    <h2 class="fw-bold mb-1">
       <i class="bi bi-hdd-stack me-2 text-info"></i>
-  {% if device %}Edit Device{% else %}Add Device{% endif %}
+      {% if device %}Edit Device{% else %}New Device{% endif %}
-</h2>
+    </h2>
-<p class="text-secondary mb-4">
+    <p class="text-secondary mb-0">
-  Give your device a name and map it to a relay or sensor channel on one of your boards.
+      {% if device %}
-  Once mapped, toggling the device will control the physical hardware.
+      Update identity or change the hardware binding below.
-</p>
+      {% else %}
+      Define the device identity first — hardware binding is optional and can be added later.
+      {% endif %}
+    </p>
+  </div>
+</div>
 
 <form method="POST" id="deviceForm">
 
@@ -26,16 +33,25 @@
   <input type="hidden" id="hBoardId"          name="board_id"          value="{{ device.board_id if device and device.board_id else '' }}" />
   <input type="hidden" id="hEntityType"        name="entity_type"        value="{{ device.entity_type if device and device.entity_type else '' }}" />
   <input type="hidden" id="hEntityNum"         name="entity_num"         value="{{ device.entity_num if device and device.entity_num else '' }}" />
+  <input type="hidden" id="hHardwareDeviceId"  name="hardware_device_id" value="{{ device.hardware_device_id if device and device.hardware_device_id else '' }}" />
 
-<div class="row g-4">
+  <!-- ─── Step 1 header ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
+  <div class="d-flex align-items-center gap-2 mb-3">
+    <span class="badge rounded-pill bg-primary px-3 py-2" style="font-size:.8rem">
+      <i class="bi bi-1-circle me-1"></i>Device Identity
+    </span>
+    <span class="text-secondary small">Required — the virtual device exists independent of any hardware</span>
+  </div>
 
-  <!-- ══════════════════ LEFT: identity + icon + type ══════════════════════ -->
+<div class="row g-4 mb-4">
-  <div class="col-lg-4">
+
+  <!-- ══════════════════ LEFT: identity ══════════════════════ -->
+  <div class="col-lg-5">
 
     <!-- Identity -->
-    <div class="card border-0 rounded-4 mb-4">
+    <div class="card border-0 rounded-4 h-100">
       <div class="card-body p-4">
-        <h5 class="fw-semibold mb-3"><i class="bi bi-tag me-1 text-info"></i> Identity</h5>
+        <h5 class="fw-semibold mb-3"><i class="bi bi-tag me-1 text-info"></i> Details</h5>
 
         <div class="mb-3">
           <label class="form-label" for="name">Device name <span class="text-danger">*</span></label>
@@ -45,11 +61,37 @@
                  maxlength="128" required />
         </div>
 
+        <!-- App ID -->
+        <div class="mb-3">
+          <label class="form-label" for="appIdField">
+            Application ID
+            <span class="badge text-bg-info ms-1" style="font-size:.65rem">auto-generated</span>
+          </label>
+          <div class="input-group">
+            <span class="input-group-text" style="font-family:monospace;font-size:.85rem">
+              <i class="bi bi-hash me-1 text-info"></i>
+            </span>
+            <input type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" id="appIdField" name="app_id"
+                   value="{{ device.app_id if device and device.app_id else '' }}"
+                   placeholder="auto" maxlength="64"
+                   style="font-size:.85rem" />
+            {% if device and device.app_id %}
+            <button type="button" class="btn btn-outline-secondary copy-app-id"
+                    data-appid="{{ device.app_id }}" title="Copy to clipboard">
+              <i class="bi bi-clipboard"></i>
+            </button>
+            {% endif %}
+          </div>
+          <div class="form-text">
+            Stable identifier for layouts &amp; automations. Leave blank to keep current or auto-generate.
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
         <div class="mb-3">
           <label class="form-label" for="description">Description <span class="text-secondary small">(optional)</span></label>
           <input type="text" class="form-control" id="description" name="description"
                  value="{{ device.description if device and device.description else '' }}"
-                 placeholder="Short description" maxlength="256" />
+                 placeholder="e.g. Controls the outdoor courtyard lighting" maxlength="256" />
         </div>
 
         <div class="mb-0">
@@ -61,12 +103,16 @@
         </div>
       </div>
     </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <!-- ══════════════════ RIGHT: type + icon ══════════════════ -->
+  <div class="col-lg-7">
 
     <!-- Device type -->
     <div class="card border-0 rounded-4 mb-4">
       <div class="card-body p-4">
-        <h5 class="fw-semibold mb-3"><i class="bi bi-grid-3x3-gap me-1 text-success"></i> Device Type</h5>
+        <h5 class="fw-semibold mb-1"><i class="bi bi-grid-3x3-gap me-1 text-success"></i> Device Type</h5>
-        <p class="text-secondary small mb-3">Sets default icon, state labels and colours. Auto-filled when you pick a channel.</p>
+        <p class="text-secondary small mb-3">Defines default icon, state labels and colours.</p>
 
         <div id="relay-types-wrap">
           <div class="d-flex flex-wrap gap-2">
@@ -103,7 +149,7 @@
 
         <div class="d-flex align-items-center gap-3 mb-3">
           <div class="rounded-3 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center flex-shrink-0"
-               style="width:60px;height:60px;background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
+               style="width:58px;height:58px;background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
             <i id="icon-preview" class="bi {{ (device.icon or device.effective_icon) if device else 'bi-toggles' }}"
                style="font-size:2rem"></i>
           </div>
@@ -132,21 +178,30 @@
 
   </div>
 
-  <!-- ══════════════════ RIGHT: board + entity card picker ═════════════════ -->
+</div><!-- /row step-1 -->
-  <div class="col-lg-8">
+
-    <div class="card border-0 rounded-4">
+  <!-- ─── Step 2 header ────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
+  <div class="d-flex align-items-center gap-2 mb-3">
+    <span class="badge rounded-pill bg-secondary px-3 py-2" style="font-size:.8rem">
+      <i class="bi bi-2-circle me-1"></i>Hardware Binding
+    </span>
+    <span class="badge text-bg-warning" style="font-size:.7rem">Optional</span>
+    <span class="text-secondary small">Link to a physical relay, sensor, Tuya or Sonoff channel</span>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="card border-0 rounded-4 mb-4">
     <div class="card-body p-4">
-        <h5 class="fw-semibold mb-1">
-          <i class="bi bi-motherboard me-1 text-primary"></i> Board &amp; Channel Binding
-        </h5>
       <p class="text-secondary small mb-4">
-          Select a board, then click the relay or sensor you want to bind to this device.
+        Select a board, then click a channel to bind this device to physical hardware.
-          Toggling the device later will directly control the physical hardware.
+        Leave unbound to use the device as a virtual entity in layouts and automations.
+        Once bound, the device can be toggled ON/OFF and shows live state.
       </p>
 
         <!-- Board selector -->
-        <div class="mb-4">
+        <div class="mb-4" style="max-width:480px">
-          <label class="form-label fw-semibold" for="boardSelect">Board</label>
+          <label class="form-label fw-semibold" for="boardSelect">
+            <i class="bi bi-motherboard me-1 text-primary"></i> Board
+          </label>
           <select class="form-select" id="boardSelect">
             <option value="">— None (virtual / unlinked device) —</option>
             {% for board in boards %}
@@ -193,9 +248,20 @@
           </div>
 
           <!-- Selection summary -->
-          <div id="bindSummary" class="alert alert-info d-flex align-items-center gap-3 mt-3" style="display:none">
+          <div id="bindSummary" class="alert alert-info d-flex align-items-center gap-3 mt-3"
+               style="display:{% if device and device.board and device.entity_num %}flex{% else %}none{% endif %}">
             <i class="bi bi-check-circle-fill fs-5"></i>
-            <div><strong>Bound to:</strong> <span id="bindSummaryText"></span></div>
+            <div>
+              <strong>Bound to:</strong>
+              <span id="bindSummaryText">
+                {% if device and device.board %}
+                  {{ device.board.name }} · {{ device.name }}
+                  {% if device.hardware_device_id %}
+                    <span class="font-monospace text-secondary" style="font-size:.75rem">[{{ device.hardware_device_id }}]</span>
+                  {% endif %}
+                {% endif %}
+              </span>
+            </div>
             <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary ms-auto" id="unbindBtn">
               <i class="bi bi-x me-1"></i>Remove binding
             </button>
@@ -204,12 +270,9 @@
         </div>
       </div>
   </div>
-  </div>
-
-</div><!-- /row -->
 
 <!-- ── Submit ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── -->
-<div class="d-flex gap-2 mt-4">
+<div class="d-flex gap-2 mt-2">
   <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">
     <i class="bi bi-check-circle me-1"></i>
     {% if device %}Save Changes{% else %}Create Device{% endif %}
@@ -226,17 +289,17 @@
 <script>
 (function () {
   const INIT = {
-    boardId:    {{ (device.board_id | tojson)    if device and device.board_id    else 'null' }},
+    boardId:    {{ (device.board_id    if device and device.board_id    else none) | tojson }},
-    entityType: {{ (device.entity_type | tojson) if device and device.entity_type else 'null' }},
+    entityType: {{ (device.entity_type if device and device.entity_type else none) | tojson }},
-    entityNum:  {{ (device.entity_num | tojson)  if device and device.entity_num  else 'null' }},
+    entityNum:  {{ (device.entity_num  if device and device.entity_num  else none) | tojson }},
-    devClass:   {{ (device.device_class | tojson) if device else '"switch"' }},
+    devClass:   {{ (device.device_class if device else 'switch') | tojson }},
   };
 
-  // DOM refs
   const boardSel          = document.getElementById("boardSelect");
   const hBoardId          = document.getElementById("hBoardId");
   const hEntityType       = document.getElementById("hEntityType");
   const hEntityNum        = document.getElementById("hEntityNum");
+  const hHardwareDeviceId = document.getElementById("hHardwareDeviceId");
   const entityLoading     = document.getElementById("entityLoading");
   const entityPh       = document.getElementById("entityPlaceholder");
   const relaySection   = document.getElementById("relaySection");
@@ -254,7 +317,7 @@
   const relayTypesWrap = document.getElementById("relay-types-wrap");
   const inputTypesWrap = document.getElementById("input-types-wrap");
 
-  // ── icon preview ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  // ── icon preview ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
   function updateIconPreview() {
     const val = iconInput.value.trim();
     if (val) { iconPreview.className = "bi " + val; return; }
@@ -270,6 +333,30 @@
 
   iconInput.addEventListener("input", updateIconPreview);
   iconClearBtn.addEventListener("click", () => { iconInput.value = ""; updateIconPreview(); });
+
+  // ── live app_id slug preview ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+  // Mirrors the server-side Device._make_slug() logic in JavaScript.
+  // If the user hasn't manually edited the app_id field, auto-fill it from name.
+  const appIdField  = document.getElementById("appIdField");
+  const nameField   = document.getElementById("name");
+  let appIdManual   = !!(appIdField.value.trim());  // true if pre-filled on edit page
+
+  function makeSlug(str) {
+    return str.toLowerCase().trim()
+      .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, "_")
+      .replace(/^_+|_+$/g, "")
+      .substring(0, 60) || "device";
+  }
+
+  appIdField.addEventListener("input", () => {
+    appIdManual = appIdField.value.trim() !== "";
+  });
+
+  nameField.addEventListener("input", () => {
+    if (!appIdManual) {
+      appIdField.value = makeSlug(nameField.value);
+    }
+  });
   document.getElementById("iconPalette").addEventListener("click", e => {
     const btn = e.target.closest("[data-icon]");
     if (!btn) return;
@@ -280,6 +367,17 @@
     r.addEventListener("change", updateIconPreview)
   );
 
+  // ── app_id copy button ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+  document.addEventListener("click", e => {
+    const btn = e.target.closest(".copy-app-id");
+    if (!btn) return;
+    navigator.clipboard.writeText(btn.dataset.appid).then(() => {
+      const orig = btn.innerHTML;
+      btn.innerHTML = '<i class="bi bi-check2"></i>';
+      setTimeout(() => { btn.innerHTML = orig; }, 1200);
+    });
+  });
+
   // ── device type tab switch ────────────────────────────────────────────────
   function showRelayTypes(preselect) {
     relayTypesWrap.style.display = "";
@@ -311,11 +409,16 @@
 
   // ── entity card factory ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
   function makeCard(item, kind) {
-    const isSelected = hEntityType.value === kind && parseInt(hEntityNum.value) === item.num;
+    const actualKind = item.entity_type || kind;
+    const isSelected = hEntityType.value === actualKind && parseInt(hEntityNum.value) === item.num;
     const stateColor = kind === "relay"
       ? (item.state  ? item.on_color  : item.off_color)
       : (item.active ? item.active_color : item.idle_color);
-    const label      = kind === "relay" ? "Relay" : "Input";
+    // For gateway devices the item.name is already the full device name;
+    // only show the numeric channel label for hardware relay/input boards.
+    const subLabel = (actualKind === "tuya" || actualKind === "sonoff")
+      ? item.type
+      : (kind === "relay" ? `Relay ${item.num}` : `Input ${item.num}`);
 
     const col = document.createElement("div");
     col.className = "col-6 col-md-4 col-xl-3";
@@ -323,7 +426,7 @@
       <div class="card entity-pick-card border-2 rounded-3 h-100
                   ${isSelected ? "border-primary bg-primary bg-opacity-10" : "border-transparent"}"
            style="cursor:pointer;transition:all .15s"
-           data-kind="${kind}" data-num="${item.num}">
+           data-kind="${actualKind}" data-num="${item.num}">
         <div class="card-body p-3 text-center">
           <div class="rounded-3 d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center mx-auto mb-2"
                style="width:48px;height:48px;background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
@@ -331,13 +434,13 @@
                style="font-size:1.5rem;${isSelected ? "color:var(--bs-primary)" : ""}"></i>
           </div>
           <div class="fw-semibold small text-truncate" title="${item.name}">${item.name}</div>
-          <div class="text-secondary" style="font-size:.7rem">${label} ${item.num}</div>
+          <div class="text-secondary" style="font-size:.7rem">${subLabel}</div>
           <span class="badge text-bg-${stateColor} mt-1" style="font-size:.65rem">${item.state_label}</span>
           ${isSelected ? '<div class="mt-1"><i class="bi bi-check-circle-fill text-primary"></i></div>' : ''}
         </div>
       </div>`;
 
-    col.querySelector(".entity-pick-card").addEventListener("click", () => selectEntity(item, kind));
+    col.querySelector(".entity-pick-card").addEventListener("click", () => selectEntity(item, actualKind));
     return col;
   }
 
@@ -345,6 +448,7 @@
   function selectEntity(item, kind) {
     hEntityType.value = kind;
     hEntityNum.value  = item.num;
+    hHardwareDeviceId.value = item.device_id || "";
 
     document.querySelectorAll(".entity-pick-card").forEach(c => {
       const mine = c.dataset.kind === kind && parseInt(c.dataset.num) === item.num;
@@ -367,21 +471,30 @@
       }
     });
 
-    kind === "relay" ? showRelayTypes(item.type) : showInputTypes(item.type);
+    kind === "input" ? showInputTypes(item.type) : showRelayTypes(item.type);
 
-    // Auto-fill name if blank
+    // Auto-fill name if blank; also update app_id preview
     const nameIn = document.getElementById("name");
-    if (!nameIn.value.trim()) nameIn.value = item.name;
+    if (!nameIn.value.trim()) {
+      nameIn.value = item.name;
+      if (!appIdManual) {
+        appIdField.value = makeSlug(item.name);
+      }
+    }
 
     // Summary banner
     const boardName = boardSel.options[boardSel.selectedIndex]?.dataset.name || "Board";
-    bindSummaryTxt.textContent = `${boardName} · ${kind === "relay" ? "Relay" : "Input"} ${item.num} — ${item.name}`;
+    const hwIdLabel = item.device_id ? ` <span class="font-monospace text-secondary" style="font-size:.75rem">[${item.device_id}]</span>` : "";
+    bindSummaryTxt.innerHTML = `${boardName} · ${item.name}${hwIdLabel}`;
     bindSummary.style.display = "flex";
   }
 
   unbindBtn.addEventListener("click", () => {
     hEntityType.value       = "";
     hEntityNum.value        = "";
+    hBoardId.value          = "";
+    hHardwareDeviceId.value = "";
+    boardSel.value          = "";
     document.querySelectorAll(".entity-pick-card").forEach(c => {
       c.classList.remove("border-primary", "bg-primary", "bg-opacity-10");
       c.classList.add("border-transparent");
@@ -389,6 +502,11 @@
       if (ico) ico.style.color = "";
       c.querySelector(".entity-check")?.remove();
     });
+    relaySection.style.display = "none";
+    inputSection.style.display = "none";
+    relayGrid.innerHTML = "";
+    inputGrid.innerHTML = "";
+    entityPh.style.display = "";
     bindSummary.style.display = "none";
   });
 
@@ -410,10 +528,23 @@
     entityLoading.style.display = "";
 
     fetch(`/devices/api/boards/${boardId}/entities`)
-      .then(r => r.json())
+      .then(r => {
+        if (!r.ok) throw new Error(`Server returned ${r.status}`);
+        return r.json();
+      })
       .then(data => {
         entityLoading.style.display = "none";
 
+        // Rename section headings for gateway boards
+        if (data.board_type === "tuya_cloud" || data.board_type === "sonoff_ewelink") {
+          const label   = data.board_type === "tuya_cloud" ? "Tuya Cloud Devices" : "Sonoff Devices";
+          const note    = data.board_type === "tuya_cloud" ? "– controllable via Tuya Cloud" : "– controllable via eWeLink";
+          const relayTitle = document.querySelector("#relaySection .fw-semibold");
+          if (relayTitle) relayTitle.textContent = label;
+          const relayNote = document.querySelector("#relaySection .text-secondary.small");
+          if (relayNote) relayNote.textContent = note;
+        }
+
         if (data.relays && data.relays.length) {
           relayCount.textContent = data.relays.length;
           data.relays.forEach(item => relayGrid.appendChild(makeCard(item, "relay")));
@@ -432,14 +563,14 @@
 
         // Restore selection when editing
         if (INIT.entityType && INIT.entityNum) {
-          const all = INIT.entityType === "relay" ? data.relays : data.inputs;
+          const all = (INIT.entityType === "relay" || INIT.entityType === "tuya" || INIT.entityType === "sonoff") ? data.relays : data.inputs;
           const match = all.find(i => i.num === INIT.entityNum);
           if (match) selectEntity(match, INIT.entityType);
         }
       })
-      .catch(() => {
+      .catch(err => {
         entityLoading.style.display = "none";
-        entityPh.innerHTML = `<i class="bi bi-exclamation-triangle text-warning me-2"></i>Failed to load board channels.`;
+        entityPh.innerHTML = `<i class="bi bi-exclamation-triangle text-warning me-2"></i>Failed to load board channels: ${err.message || err}`;
         entityPh.style.display = "";
       });
   }
@@ -447,6 +578,7 @@
   boardSel.addEventListener("change", () => {
     hEntityType.value       = "";
     hEntityNum.value        = "";
+    hHardwareDeviceId.value = "";
     loadBoard(boardSel.value || null);
   });
 
@@ -458,11 +590,16 @@
   }
   updateIconPreview();
 
-  if (INIT.boardId) {
+  // Use INIT.boardId on the edit page; fall back to boardSel.value on the add
-    loadBoard(INIT.boardId);
+  // page in case the browser silently restored a previous selection without
+  // firing a change event (common on page reload / back navigation).
+  const initialBoardId = INIT.boardId || boardSel.value || null;
+  if (initialBoardId) {
+    loadBoard(initialBoardId);
   } else {
     entityPh.style.display = "";
   }
+
 })();
 </script>
 

app/templates/devices/list.html

@@ -2,32 +2,8 @@
 {% block title %}Devices – Location Management{% endblock %}
 
 {% block content %}
-<div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between mb-4">
-  <h2 class="fw-bold mb-0">
-    <i class="bi bi-hdd-stack me-2 text-info"></i>Devices
-  </h2>
-  {% if current_user.is_admin() %}
-  <a href="{{ url_for('devices.add_device') }}" class="btn btn-primary">
-    <i class="bi bi-plus-circle me-1"></i> Add Device
-  </a>
-  {% endif %}
-</div>
 
-<p class="text-secondary mb-4">
+{# ── Collect grouped data ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
-  Define named, personalized devices (lights, switches, pumps, sensors…) that map to
-  specific relay or input channels on your boards. Devices can be placed on Layout pages
-  as interactive widgets.
-</p>
-
-{% if devices %}
-
-{# Group by area #}
-{% set areas = devices | map(attribute='area') | unique | list %}
-{% set no_area = devices | selectattr('area', 'none') | list
-                 + devices | selectattr('area', 'equalto', '') | list
-                 + devices | selectattr('area', 'equalto', None) | list %}
-
-{# Collect non-empty areas #}
 {% set named_areas = [] %}
 {% for d in devices %}
   {% if d.area and d.area != '' and d.area not in named_areas %}
@@ -35,7 +11,81 @@
   {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}
 
-{# Devices with no area #}
+{% set bound_count   = devices | selectattr('board') | list | length %}
+{% set unbound_count = devices | length - bound_count %}
+
+{# ── Page header ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
+<div class="d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between mb-3">
+  <div>
+    <h2 class="fw-bold mb-0">
+      <i class="bi bi-hdd-stack me-2 text-info"></i>Devices
+    </h2>
+    <p class="text-secondary small mb-0 mt-1">
+      Virtual devices are independent app entities — bind them to hardware when needed.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+  {% if current_user.is_admin() %}
+  <a href="{{ url_for('devices.add_device') }}" class="btn btn-primary">
+    <i class="bi bi-plus-circle me-1"></i> Add Device
+  </a>
+  {% endif %}
+</div>
+
+{# ── Stats bar ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
+{% if devices %}
+<div class="row g-2 mb-4">
+  <div class="col-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2">
+    <div class="card border-0 rounded-3 text-center py-2 px-1" style="background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
+      <div class="fw-bold fs-5 mb-0">{{ devices | length }}</div>
+      <div class="text-secondary" style="font-size:.72rem">Total</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="col-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2">
+    <div class="card border-0 rounded-3 text-center py-2 px-1" style="background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
+      <div class="fw-bold fs-5 mb-0 text-success">{{ bound_count }}</div>
+      <div class="text-secondary" style="font-size:.72rem">Bound</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="col-4 col-md-3 col-lg-2">
+    <div class="card border-0 rounded-3 text-center py-2 px-1" style="background:var(--bs-secondary-bg)">
+      <div class="fw-bold fs-5 mb-0 text-warning">{{ unbound_count }}</div>
+      <div class="text-secondary" style="font-size:.72rem">Unbound</div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+{# ── Search ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
+<div class="mb-4">
+  <div class="input-group input-group-sm" style="max-width:340px">
+    <span class="input-group-text"><i class="bi bi-search"></i></span>
+    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="deviceSearch"
+           placeholder="Filter by name, area or app id…">
+    <button class="btn btn-outline-secondary" type="button" id="deviceSearchClear">
+      <i class="bi bi-x"></i>
+    </button>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+{# ── Area groups ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
+{% for area in named_areas %}
+<h5 class="text-secondary fw-semibold mb-3 mt-3 area-heading">
+  <i class="bi bi-geo-alt me-1"></i>{{ area }}
+</h5>
+<div class="row g-3 mb-2">
+  {% for device in devices %}
+  {% if device.area == area %}
+  <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4 device-row" id="device-card-{{ device.id }}"
+       data-name="{{ device.name | lower }}"
+       data-area="{{ (device.area or '') | lower }}"
+       data-appid="{{ (device.app_id or '') | lower }}">
+    {% include "devices/_card.html" %}
+  </div>
+  {% endif %}
+  {% endfor %}
+</div>
+{% endfor %}
+
+{# ── Unbound / no-area devices ─────────────────────────────────────────────── #}
 {% set ungrouped = [] %}
 {% for d in devices %}
   {% if not d.area or d.area == '' %}
@@ -43,30 +93,18 @@
   {% endif %}
 {% endfor %}
 
-{% for area in named_areas %}
-  <h5 class="text-secondary fw-semibold mb-3 mt-4">
-    <i class="bi bi-geo-alt me-1"></i>{{ area }}
-  </h5>
-  <div class="row g-3 mb-2">
-    {% for device in devices %}
-    {% if device.area == area %}
-    <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4" id="device-card-{{ device.id }}">
-      {% include "devices/_card.html" %}
-    </div>
-    {% endif %}
-    {% endfor %}
-  </div>
-{% endfor %}
-
 {% if ungrouped %}
   {% if named_areas %}
-  <h5 class="text-secondary fw-semibold mb-3 mt-4">
+  <h5 class="text-secondary fw-semibold mb-3 mt-3 area-heading">
     <i class="bi bi-three-dots me-1"></i>Other
   </h5>
   {% endif %}
   <div class="row g-3 mb-2">
     {% for device in ungrouped %}
-    <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4" id="device-card-{{ device.id }}">
+    <div class="col-md-6 col-xl-4 device-row" id="device-card-{{ device.id }}"
+         data-name="{{ device.name | lower }}"
+         data-area=""
+         data-appid="{{ (device.app_id or '') | lower }}">
       {% include "devices/_card.html" %}
     </div>
     {% endfor %}
@@ -88,6 +126,7 @@
 
 {% block scripts %}
 <script>
+// ── toggle relay / Tuya / Sonoff ──────────────────────────────────────────────
 function deviceToggle(btn, deviceId) {
   btn.disabled = true;
   fetch(`/devices/${deviceId}/toggle`, {
@@ -96,23 +135,96 @@ function deviceToggle(btn, deviceId) {
   })
   .then(r => r.json())
   .then(data => {
-    if (!data.ok) { btn.disabled = false; return; }
+    if (!data.ok) {
+      btn.disabled = false;
+      showToast(data.error || "Toggle failed.", "danger");
+      return;
+    }
     const card = document.getElementById("device-card-" + deviceId);
     const badge = card.querySelector(".device-state-badge");
     if (badge) {
       badge.className = "badge device-state-badge text-bg-" + data.state_color;
       badge.textContent = data.state_label;
     }
-    // Update toggle icon
     btn.className = btn.className.replace(/btn-(outline-)?[a-z]+/, "btn-" + data.state_color);
-    if (data.state) {
+    btn.innerHTML = data.state
-      btn.innerHTML = '<i class="bi bi-power me-1"></i>ON';
+      ? '<i class="bi bi-power me-1"></i>ON'
-    } else {
+      : '<i class="bi bi-power me-1"></i>OFF';
-      btn.innerHTML = '<i class="bi bi-power me-1"></i>OFF';
+    // Update left border colour
+    const cardEl = card.querySelector(".card");
+    if (cardEl) {
+      cardEl.classList.remove("border-success", "border-secondary", "border-warning",
+                              "border-danger", "border-info", "border-primary");
+      cardEl.classList.add("border-" + data.state_color);
     }
     btn.disabled = false;
   })
-  .catch(() => { btn.disabled = false; });
+  .catch(() => { btn.disabled = false; showToast("Network error.", "danger"); });
+}
+
+function showToast(msg, type) {
+  let container = document.getElementById("toast-container");
+  if (!container) {
+    container = document.createElement("div");
+    container.id = "toast-container";
+    container.className = "toast-container position-fixed bottom-0 end-0 p-3";
+    container.style.zIndex = 1100;
+    document.body.appendChild(container);
+  }
+  const id = "t" + Date.now();
+  container.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend",
+    `<div id="${id}" class="toast align-items-center text-bg-${type} border-0" role="alert">
+      <div class="d-flex">
+        <div class="toast-body">${msg}</div>
+        <button type="button" class="btn-close btn-close-white me-2 m-auto" data-bs-dismiss="toast"></button>
+      </div>
+    </div>`);
+  const el = document.getElementById(id);
+  const t = new bootstrap.Toast(el, {delay: 4000});
+  t.show();
+  el.addEventListener("hidden.bs.toast", () => el.remove());
+}
+
+// ── app_id copy ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+document.addEventListener("click", e => {
+  const btn = e.target.closest(".copy-app-id");
+  if (!btn) return;
+  const txt = btn.dataset.appid;
+  navigator.clipboard.writeText(txt).then(() => {
+    const orig = btn.innerHTML;
+    btn.innerHTML = '<i class="bi bi-check2"></i>';
+    setTimeout(() => { btn.innerHTML = orig; }, 1200);
+  });
+});
+
+// ── search / filter ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+const searchInput = document.getElementById("deviceSearch");
+const searchClear = document.getElementById("deviceSearchClear");
+if (searchInput) {
+  function applyFilter() {
+    const q = searchInput.value.toLowerCase().trim();
+    let anyVisible = {};
+    document.querySelectorAll(".device-row").forEach(row => {
+      const match = !q
+        || row.dataset.name.includes(q)
+        || row.dataset.area.includes(q)
+        || row.dataset.appid.includes(q);
+      row.style.display = match ? "" : "none";
+      const heading = row.closest(".row")?.previousElementSibling;
+      if (heading && heading.classList.contains("area-heading")) {
+        anyVisible[heading.dataset.id || heading.textContent] = (anyVisible[heading.dataset.id || heading.textContent] || false) || match;
+      }
+    });
+    // Hide area headings whose entire group is filtered out
+    document.querySelectorAll(".area-heading").forEach(h => {
+      const nextRow = h.nextElementSibling;
+      if (!nextRow) return;
+      const visCount = nextRow.querySelectorAll(".device-row:not([style*='none'])").length;
+      h.style.display = visCount ? "" : "none";
+    });
+  }
+  searchInput.addEventListener("input", applyFilter);
+  searchClear.addEventListener("click", () => { searchInput.value = ""; applyFilter(); });
 }
 </script>
 {% endblock %}

app/templates/tuya/auth_settings.html

@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@
           <i class="bi bi-qr-code me-1"></i>Generate QR Code
         </button>
 
+        <div id="qr-error-area"></div>
+
         <div id="qr-area" class="text-center d-none">
           <div id="qr-canvas" class="d-inline-block p-2 bg-white rounded mb-3"></div>
           <p class="text-muted small mb-1" id="qr-instruction">
@@ -114,6 +116,7 @@
   btnCancel.addEventListener('click', cancelQr);
 
   function startQr() {
+    document.getElementById('qr-error-area').innerHTML = '';
     const code = inputCode.value.trim();
     if (!code) {
       inputCode.focus();
@@ -205,10 +208,12 @@
   }
 
   function showError(msg) {
+    const area = document.getElementById('qr-error-area');
+    area.innerHTML = '';
     const el = document.createElement('div');
     el.className = 'alert alert-danger py-2 mt-2';
     el.textContent = msg;
-    qrCanvas.after(el);
+    area.appendChild(el);
   }
 })();
 </script>

config.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class Config:
     )
     SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False
     # How often (seconds) the fast poller updates ONLINE boards
-    BOARD_POLL_INTERVAL = int(os.environ.get("BOARD_POLL_INTERVAL", 10))
+    BOARD_POLL_INTERVAL = int(os.environ.get("BOARD_POLL_INTERVAL", 60))
     # How often (seconds) offline boards are rechecked to see if they came back
     OFFLINE_RECHECK_INTERVAL = int(os.environ.get("OFFLINE_RECHECK_INTERVAL", 60))
     # Base URL this server is reachable at (boards will POST webhooks here)